indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
term-end exam; end-of-term test; finals
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
I'm afraid to say; I'm sorry to say; unfortunately
all members; all hands; everyone; everybody; whole crew
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
aah!; ooh!; oh no!; oh boy!
to feel nervous; to feel afraid; to be startled; to be surprised; (arch.) to be shy; (arch.) to be bashful
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
worry; concern; anxiety; care; help; aid
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
promotion (school, military, etc.)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
together; at the same time; same; identical
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
happy; glad; pleased; joyful; delightful; gratifying
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence