indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
love; affection; attachment; craving; agape; Ireland
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
(one's) master; Lord; the main thing; the majority
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
swastika (esp. counterclockwise form as a Buddhist symbol); fylfot; swastika-shaped family crest; wow; yeah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed