indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey!; wait a minute!; whoa!; boohoo; waaaa
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
swastika (esp. counterclockwise form as a Buddhist symbol); fylfot; swastika-shaped family crest; wow; yeah
meeting; assembly; gathering; congregation; convention; rally
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
supremacy (over a nation); hegemony; domination; championship; victory
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
guy; fellow; chap; bastard; asshole; arsehole
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
half a ken (3 shaku, approx. 0.91m)
something unfinished; something incomplete; idiot
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
blood; blood; ancestry; (the) blood; feelings
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
pair; couple; antithesis; counter for items that come in pairs; counter for sets (of clothes, small furniture, utensils, etc.)
disadvantage; handicap; unfavorable position
state of affairs (around you); situation; circumstances
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
each (person); individually; one by one; one at a time; in turn
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
assistant; associate; duplicate; copy; adverb
(college) president; secretary-general
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
greeting; greetings; speech (congratulatory or appreciative); address; reply; response; revenge