indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
swastika (esp. counterclockwise form as a Buddhist symbol); fylfot; swastika-shaped family crest; wow; yeah
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
lightweight fabric or clothing; silk gauze; thin silk; Latin (language)
supremacy (over a nation); hegemony; domination; championship; victory
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
adds force or indicates command
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
quarrel; brawl; fight; squabble; scuffle; argument
(college) president; secretary-general
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)