indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to strike; to clap; to play drums; to abuse; to bash; to consult; to sound out
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
at last; finally; barely; narrowly; just
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to run out of; to be short of; to be out of stock; to be out of (e.g. breath); to lose (one's patience, concentration, etc.)
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to change; to alter; to transform; to reform; to revise; to amend
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hello (e.g. on phone); excuse me! (when calling out to someone)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the past; bygone days; one's past (that one would prefer remained secret); past (tense); preterit; previous life
terrible; dreadful; amazing (e.g. of strength); great (e.g. of skills); to a great extent; vast (in numbers)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use