indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
fraud; trickery; hoax; swindle; counterfeit; fake
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
young female rice planter; young girl
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
death; decease; (arch.) death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation); (an) out
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
chip; microchip; chip (in poker, roulette, etc.); casino token; chip (shot); (wood) chip
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
pot; jar; dice cup; depression; basin (e.g. of a waterfall); aim; what one wants
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
judgement; judgment; decision; adjudication; award; verdict
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)