indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
management; administration; operation; running (business); conducting
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
one's circumstances; environment; situation (in life)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to that extent; to that degree; so much; so
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to shine; to glitter; to sparkle
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
in that way; thus; so; so?
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
huh?; eh?; what?; oh; hey!; look!
how; in what way; why; for what reason; cannot possibly; no way
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
what's what; heads or tails
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
to get a lump in one's throat; to overflow with feelings; to be overwhelmed with emotion
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
excuse me; pardon me; I'm sorry; thank you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest