indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
to come; to go; to be (somewhere); to be (doing)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
class of demons; demonic race; family of demons
special ward; special economic zone (China); special administrative region of China (e.g. Hong Kong)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
this world; this life; world of the living
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ; to vary; to disagree
seal; to seal (e.g. a letter); to affix a seal; to seal up
eternity; permanence; perpetuity
moat; fosse; trench; underground air-raid shelter; dugout
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
trump card; ace up one's sleeve; secret weapon
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
protection; safeguard; shugo (Kamakura or Muromachi period military governor)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
blue; azure; green; green light (traffic); black (horse coat color); blue 5-point card; immature
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
how; in what way; how about
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause