indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
learning; scholarship; study; study of ...; -ology; -ics
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
suffix for familiar person
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Kumamoto (city, prefecture)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to