indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
release (e.g. information); disclosure (legal); show; indication; display
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to receive; to get; to catch (e.g. a ball); to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.); to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to undergo (e.g. surgery)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
parent; parents; dealer (in cards, mahjong, etc.); banker; founder; inventor; (pet) owner
to stick; to paste; to stretch; to spread; to form (e.g. ice on a pond); to fill; to swell
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
blue sky; skyrocketing (of prices); having no limit; the sky being the limit
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
adds force or indicates command
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
koku; traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
stretch; tension; resilience; springiness; will-power; pluck
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
squad leader; group leader; team leader
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
now; the present time; just now; another; more
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)