indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
release (e.g. information); disclosure (legal); show; indication; display
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
debt; loan; liabilities; borrowing money
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yen (Japanese monetary unit); circle
one day; all day (long); throughout the day; first day of the month
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
going out; outing; leaving (one's home, office, etc.)