indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
established practice; custom
educational institution; school; academy; campus
long-distance relay race; stagecoach; post horse
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
soon; shortly; nearly; almost
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
participants; participating athletes
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to decide; to choose; to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match); to persist in doing; to go through with; to always do
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
it can't be helped; so it goes; c'est la vie
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...; wow
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
participation; joining; entry
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
Mr; Mrs; Miss; politeness marker
else; in addition; besides
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post