indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
adds force or indicates command
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
duty; function; office; mission; task
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
how; in what way; how about
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she