indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
name; given name; first name
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to cry; to weep; to sob; to howl
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
sad; miserable; unhappy; sad; lamentable; deplorable
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to