indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to discover; to find (e.g. an error in a book); to locate; to find (e.g. something missing); to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to be found; to be discovered
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
cruel; heartless; violent; intense; very bad; terrible
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
so; like this; in this way
to incline toward; to slant; to lurch; to go down (sun); to wane; to sink
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
to sleep (lying down); to go to bed; to lie in bed; to lie down; to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse); to lie flat (e.g. of hair); to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
unable to put up any resistance; unable to put up a fight; not standing a chance (against)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
had better ...; had better not ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
thereupon; shortly thereafter
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
study; diligence; discount; reduction
how; in what way; how about
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach