indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
life; life force; lifetime; lifespan; most important thing; foundation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to kill; to slay; to suppress; to block; to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to save; to rescue; to help; to assist; to support (financially); to contribute (to)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
(medical) doctor; physician
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
married couple; husband and wife; man and wife; his and hers; pair of objects, one larger (for man), one smaller (for woman)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?