oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
letter; missive; note; mail
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
so (e.g. so much, so close, so many, so few)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
don't you think?; indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to disturb; to upset; to ruffle; to stir up; to mess up
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
to fade (of a colour); to grow dull in color (colour); to lose vividness; to lose freshness; to grow stale
craftsman; artisan; workman; carpenter
skip it; drop it; I've had enough (e.g. when offered something); that's enough
any more; any further; any better; any longer
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
quickly; at once; right away; hurriedly
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
to hurt one's feelings; to rub someone the wrong way
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
pronunciation; production of sound
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(not) well; (not) properly; (not) enough; (not) sufficiently; (not) satisfactorily; (not) decently
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
book; volume; this; present; main; head