indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
slow; gradual; steady; calm; composed; relaxed
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
now; the present time; just now; another; more
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
ripple; ring on the water; repercussions; Japanese slit drum; instrument made of iron with slits on top; makes a rippling sound
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
adds force or indicates command
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
two persons; two people; pair; couple
explosion; detonation; eruption; eruption (of discontent, etc.); outburst; outpouring
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health