indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ripple; ring on the water; repercussions; Japanese slit drum; instrument made of iron with slits on top; makes a rippling sound
slow; gradual; steady; calm; composed; relaxed
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
energy; energy; strength; energy source; energy resource; food energy
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
mask; disguise; guise; mask
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
courage; bravery; valour; valor; nerve; boldness
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
breathing; respiration; knack; trick; harmony; balance
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember