indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
ship; boat; tank; tub; counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
cavity; hollow; void; hollow (voice, smile, etc.); blank (eyes, look, etc.); vacant (expression, stare, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
only ...; no more than ...; a matter of
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
older brother; elder brother
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
to tie; to bind; to bear (fruit); to close (e.g. deal); to confirm; to connect (two distant places); to close tightly
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
truth; reality; seriousness; logical truth; printed style writing; star performer
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that