indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japan's best; number one in Japan
branch office; branch store
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
use; adoption; acceptance; appointment; employment; engagement
coworker; co-worker; colleague; associate
Kawachi (former province located in the east of present-day Osaka Prefecture)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
day and night; around the clock; always; constantly
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
to work hard; to try hard; to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to devote oneself to
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one day; (on) a certain day
established practice; custom
newcomer; new figure; new member; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards); Homo sapiens
war; battle; match; game; competition
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
participation; joining; entry
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to impose (a tax, fine, etc.); to levy; to assign (a task, duty, etc.); to give; to set
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; preliminary selection; screening (e.g. of applicants); provisional election
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
to get moldy; to get mouldy; to get out-of-fashion
difficult to ...; hard to ...
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.