indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Japan's best; number one in Japan
branch office; branch store
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
use; adoption; acceptance; appointment; employment; engagement
coworker; co-worker; colleague; associate
Kawachi (former province located in the east of present-day Osaka Prefecture)
together with; as X, then Y (e.g. as we age we gain wisdom, as wine matures it becomes more valuable, etc.)
day and night; around the clock; always; constantly
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
making; producing; appearance (attire, make-up, etc.); build; physique; sashimi
to strive; to endeavour; to endeavor; to make an effort; to be zealous
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
one day; (on) a certain day
established practice; custom
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
war; battle; match; game; competition
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
holding (a conference, exhibition, etc.); opening; hosting (e.g. the Olympics)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
participation; joining; entry; adherence
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to impose (a tax, fine, etc.); to levy; to assign (a task, duty, etc.); to give; to set
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
theme; topic; subject matter; motif; project; slogan
to get moldy; to get mouldy; to get out-of-fashion
difficult to ...; hard to ...
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
yes?; no?; isn't it?; is it?