this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
ivy (esp. Boston ivy, Parthenocissus tricuspidata)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to entangle; to entwine; to pick a quarrel; to find fault; to be involved with; to be influenced by
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
quite; entirely; completely; as if; as though; just like
head; hair (on one's head); mind; brains; leader; chief; top
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
chance; start; cue; excuse; motive; impetus
place; location; room; space; basho; wrestling tournament
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
perhaps; maybe; perchance; by some chance; by any chance
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
consequence; causal relationship; nexus
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
hello; good day; good afternoon
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
(your) business; (your) concern; (customer's) order; official business (of the government, Imperial Court, etc.); arrest; capture