indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
Kawachi (former province located in the east of present-day Osaka Prefecture)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
okonomiyaki; savoury pancake containing meat or seafood and vegetables
in that way; thus; so; so?
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
yakisoba; fried noodles, usu. with vegetables and meat
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
to smash; to crush; to shut down; to put out of business; to wreck; to break; to butcher
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...