disturbance; trouble; ups and downs
implication; hidden meaning; latitude; atmosphere; tone; sentiment
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
new face; newcomer; rookie; modern humans (from Cro-Magnon man onwards)
war; battle; match; game; competition
branch office; branch store
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
participation; joining; entry; adherence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Kawachi (former province located in the east of present-day Osaka Prefecture)
skin; hide; rind; peel; shell; sheath
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
preliminary contest; qualifying round; trial; heat; primary
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
to win and advance to the next round
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
subject; theme; homework; assignment; task; challenge
melon bread; half-melon shaped bun, flavored with artificial melon
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
fighting (against); taking on (an opponent); facing; confronting; competing (with); battle
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
Japanese cherry birch (Betula grossa); yellow catalpa (Catalpa ovata); Japanese mallotus (Mallotus japonicus); printing block; catalpa bow; catalpa medium
side (of something, or taking someone's side); part; (watch) case
water (esp. cool, fresh water, e.g. drinking water); fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid; flood; floodwaters; water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
without change; as is; just like; extremely similar; immediately; just after
to use (a thing, method, etc.); to make use of; to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to use (time, money, etc.); to spend
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then