indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
melon bread; half-melon shaped bun, flavored with artificial melon
melon (esp. a muskmelon, Cucumis melo)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
bread; (sweet) pastry; staff of life; one's bread
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
cookie; biscuit; cookie (browser-related file sent from a WWW server)
(arch.) eastern Japan (esp. Kamakura or Edo, from perspective of Kyoto or Nara); (arch.) eastern provinces; (arch.) east; wagon; yamatogoto
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
branch office; branch store
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
cloth; fabric; dough; batter; inherent quality; one's true character; unglazed pottery
sushi; anything made with vinegared rice (may also contain vegetables, spices, fish, or other delicacies)
dregs; sediment; lees (esp. sake); leftovers; by-product; worthless item; junk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command