indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
to scold; to chide; to rebuke; to reprimand
certain; one; (arch.) I; (arch.) me
famous product; special product; speciality; specialty
tea container (usually for thick tea used at the tea ceremony)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
adds force or indicates command
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)