indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
adds force or indicates command
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
colour; color; complexion; skin colour; look (on one's face); expression; appearance
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
to collect; to gather; to arrange; to put in order; to make uniform; to make even
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
tea container (usually for thick tea used at the tea ceremony)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to say; to be called; to do
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
valuation; appraisal; evaluation; appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)