indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
honorific/polite/humble prefix
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
chief advisor to the Emperor (adviser)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
gold (Au); golden; prosperous; money (esp. ōban coin); cash
weave; weaving; woven item
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
than; from; out of; except; but; more
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
hobby; pastime; tastes; preference; liking
meaning; tenor; effect; influence; appearance; aspect