indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
famous product; special product; speciality; specialty
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix