indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
adds force or indicates command
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
sagacity; wisdom; intelligence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)
to say; to be called; to do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
honorific/polite/humble prefix
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to take; to pick up; to pass; to hand; to get; to obtain; to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.)
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
flag; banner (administrative division of Inner Mongolia)
the whole world; the whole country; society; the public; supremacy over a nation; government of a country; having one's own way
high mountain; alpine mountain
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
than; from; out of; except; but; more
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group