indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
something broad and flat; common; ordinary; low-ranking employee; freshman
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
song; singing; classical Japanese poem (esp. tanka); modern poetry
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
splendid; magnificent; utter (esp. defeat); total; (arch.) something worth seeing; (arch.) sight
to go; to come; to be defeated; to collapse; to be annoyed; to be nonplussed
group engaged in some activity (players, companies, forces, etc.)