indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
older brother; elder brother
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
squirrel's foot fern (Davallia mariesii); Lepisorus thunbergianus (species of fern); color of clothing layers under one's overcoat (light green on blue); ancient women's hairstyle; clothing patterned using squirrel's foot fern
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
book; volume; this; present; main; head
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
may; might; perhaps; may be; possibly
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!