why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
firefly (Luciola cruciata); lightning bug; glowworm
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
the real criminal; true culprit
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
just (now); quite (near); unintentionally; subconsciously
all; entire; whole; altogether
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
name; given name; first name
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
have to (verb); must (verb); is indispensable; absolutely necessary
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...