indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
painful; sore; cringy; embarrassing; exceeding
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
idiot; moron; trivial matter; folly; stupid; foolish
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
leader of a delegation (body, party)
rack; ruck (rugby); lac; luck
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
other (place, thing, person); the rest; outside; beyond; nothing except; nothing but