indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
demon; devil; evil spirit; -crazed person; -obsessed person; fiend
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
leader of a delegation (body, party)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
emperor (of Japan); mikado
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
night under the midnight sun; white night (at extreme latitudes); night during which the sun doesn't set
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...