indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
spare time; free time; leisure
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
citizen; resident; person; user (of a website, esp. as a collective, e.g. Twittersphere)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
border (pattern); stripes; border; boundary; border; edge
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
war; battle; match; game; competition
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
escape; break-out; prolapse; proptosis
class-A; A class; A grade
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
strong; potent; strong; brawny; good (at); skilled; being able to handle
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding