indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
citizen; resident; person; user (of a website, esp. as a collective, e.g. Twittersphere)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
border (pattern); stripes; border; boundary; border; edge
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
adds force or indicates command
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
spare time; free time; leisure
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
a short while ago; a moment ago; just now; some time ago
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding