indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
training; drill; practice; discipline
troops; group members; team members
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
citizen; resident; person; user (of a website, esp. as a collective, e.g. Twittersphere)
border (pattern); stripes; border; boundary; border; edge
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
(logical) true; regular; 10^40; ten thousand undecillion; original; positive
class-B; B class; B grade; second rate
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
second (unit of time); arc second
you (plural); all of you; you all
class-A; A class; A grade
spare time; free time; leisure
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
business; task; use; purpose; for the use of ...; used for ...