indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
yukata (light cotton kimono worn in the summer or used as a bathrobe)
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
suffix for familiar person
father; dad; husband; you; he
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to take (a photo); to record (video, audio, etc.); to make (a film)
Formosan sweetgum (Liquidambar formosana)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
to wear (in modern Japanese, from the shoulders down); to put on; to bear (guilt, etc.)
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
warm; mild; considerate; kind; warm (of a colour); mellow
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
great depth; bottomless; great height
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...