indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
banknote; bill; note; paper money
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
(arch.) youth; (arch.) freshness; good omen; Sweden; Switzerland
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
one's own ground; one's own position; one's own area of the field (soccer, rugby, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
war; battle; match; game; competition
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
difference; variation; difference
counter for flat objects (e.g. sheets of paper); (arch.) counter for positions or roles; (arch.) counter for food portions (now only gyōza and soba); counter for ranking level
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
waterfall; (arch.) rapids
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
than; from; out of; except; but; more
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
man (esp. one who is well-respected); samurai; person (in a certain profession, esp. licensed); member