indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
one thin flat object; one sheet
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
mountain stream; valley; dale; wetlands; swamp; marsh
(arch.) youth; (arch.) freshness; good omen; Sweden; Switzerland
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
match; game; bout; contest
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
to attack; to assault; to assail
koku; traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
than; from; out of; except; but; more
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
fast; quick; early (in the day, etc.); premature; (too) soon; not yet
senior high school; high school
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
(cute) suffix for familiar person; cute adjective form
karuta; traditional Japanese playing cards