indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation in a war; going to war; taking part in a competition or contest
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
to live; to exist; to make a living; to subsist; to be in effect; to be in use
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to be expressed (e.g. emotions); to become apparent (e.g. trends, effects)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be ruined; to go under; to perish; to be destroyed
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
to entrust (someone) with; to leave (a matter) with someone; to have someone deliver (a message, parcel, etc.); to send (through someone); to use (something) to express (one's feelings, opinion, etc.); to express in the form of (something)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker