indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation in a war; going to war; taking part in a competition or contest
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
opponent; adversary; the competition; the other side; one's enemy
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
to continue; to last; to continue (without a break); to be unbroken; to occur again and again; to lead to; to connect to
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
thank you for your hard work; good work; see you; goodbye; goodnight
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
how; in what way; how about
race; tribe; species; genus; stellar population (i.e. population I, II and III)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
to lose one's way; to get lost; to waver; to hesitate; to give into temptation; to lose control of oneself
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
clue; lead; key; handhold; hold
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
child prodigy; infant genius; wonder child
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer