indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
participation in a war; going to war; taking part in a competition or contest
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to aim at (for, to do, to become); to try for; to have an eye on; to go toward; to head for
next; following; subsequent; stage; station
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
to face; to go towards; to head towards
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
to be ruined; to go under; to perish; to be destroyed
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
telecommunications; correspondence
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
impossible; unlikely; improbable
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
space alien; alien; extraterrestrial being
Eh?; What?; Come on!; Damn!
somehow; how; in what way; why; what kind of
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine