indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
child prodigy; infant genius; wonder child
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
member; participant; attendee; lineup (sport)
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
how; in what way; how about
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
than; from; out of; except; but; more
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
rebirth; new birth; nascent
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
adds force or indicates command