indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
use; utilization; utilisation; application
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
accident; incident; trouble; circumstances; reasons
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
rubbish; trash; garbage; refuse
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
big; large; loud; extensive; spacious; important
close-up; bringing attention (to); bringing to the fore; putting under close scrutiny
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to reach the point that; to come to be that; to turn into
to use and then throw away
artificial satellite; man-made satellite
shuttlecock; shuttle service (e.g. bus); shuttle (weaving); space shuttle
to detach; to decapitate; to cut loose; to let loose; to dismember
tank (of liquid); tank (military vehicle)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
waste matter; waste; garbage; trash
speed per second; velocity per second; instant; moment; a few seconds
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
speed; velocity; pace; velocity
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
circumference; girth; surroundings; neighbourhood; people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
in regard to; concerning (usu. of disputes)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!