indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
suffix for familiar person
to be broken; to break; to fall through; to come to nothing
robot; (mere) puppet; pawn; figurehead
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
please (give me); please (do for me)
please; kindly; by all means; certainly; here you are; to give
forever; for good; eternally; as long as one likes; indefinitely; no matter what
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)