indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
honorific/polite/humble prefix
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
star (usu. not including the Sun); planet (usu. not including Earth); star (glyph, symbol, shape); star (actor, player, etc.); small dot; spot; star point (in go)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
please (give me); please (do for me)
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
this; our; the ... in question; right; justice; fairness
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
repair; mending; fixing; servicing
department store; department
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
to be silent; to say nothing
to say; to be called; to do
how; in what way; how about; questionable
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity