indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to perform some process; to apply some treatment; to revise; to correct
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
underling; person of low standing; grunt; petty (work, official, etc.); minor; lowly
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
neck; head; dismissal; discharge
food; foodstuff; eating; appetite; meal; portion
ji (ancient Chinese halberd)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dropping out of school; withdrawing from school; expulsion from school; dismissal; leaving school (university, etc.) after completing a course
cancellation; withdrawal; abolition; revocation; cancel; CAN
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
dear (old); fondly-remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
echo; reverberation; sound (esp. the distinctive sound of an object or activity, e.g. rain, gun, gallop, drum); noise; quality of a sound (e.g. a fine phrase, clear voice, resonant bell); feeling of a sound
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
admission; incorporation; enlistment; enrollment
life; living; I; me; student
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
ten best people (in a particular field)
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
moreover; furthermore; nevertheless; and yet
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
adds force or indicates command