jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

10

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

4

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

4

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

4

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

1

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

6

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

1

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)

1

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

2

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

7

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

6

to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine

1

this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")

2

to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

2

be; is

3

that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...

2

don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...

2

to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise

5

you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...

6

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

3

in that way; thus; so; so?

1

I; me

2

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

5

this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence

1

to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage

1

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

1

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

2

that; those; the

2

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

1

here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...

2

if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so

3

to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)

2

what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest

2

in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something

1

things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that

1

a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily

2

talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor

2

and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...

1

to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need

2

after all; because; but; even; too; as well

1

pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)

1

to hold (in one's hand); to take; to possess; to have; to maintain; to keep; to last

9

to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch

3

what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few

1

truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic

2